Duckweeds have been consumed as human food since long. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/565 Last updated on October 19, 2015, 14:31, Feedipedia - Animal Feed Resources Information System - INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO © 2012-2020 | Copyright | Disclaimer | Editor login, Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value, English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ), OM digestibility, ruminants (gas production), Abou, Y. ; Aina, M. P. ; Fiogbe, E. D. ; Micha, J. C., 2013. In: Office of Technology Assessment, Innovative biological technologies for lesser developed countries : workshop proceedings, 107-124, Lumpkin, T. A., 1987. Rural Dev., 14 (1): 1-6, Majhi, S. K. ; Das, A. ; Mandal, B. K., 2006. ** ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber, fraction of the cell walls according to Van Soest, considered to be roughly equivalent to true cellulose and lignin. Azolla is a highly productive plant and it doubles its biomass in 4–10 days period, depending on conditions, and yield can reach up to 8–12 tonnes/ha in Asian rice fields. Nutritional value and intake of aquatic ferns (, Liu Xiang ; Takayama, K. ; Yamashita, K. ; Nakanishi, Y. ; Manda, M. ; Inanaga, J., 1998. strain PCC 7120, was sequence in a collaborative effort between Japanese researchers led by Takakazu Kaneko, of the Kazusa DNA Research Institute in Chiba, Japan, and C. Peter Wolk, of the Michigan State University in East Lansing. Azolla plants are triangular or polygonal in shape, and float on the surface of the water, individually or in mats. Kumar, D. S. ; Prasad, R. M. V. ; Kishore, K. R. ; Rao, E. R., 2012. Fibre and ash content are higher and protein content is lower in duckweed colonies that grow slowly. Pig consumed up to 4.8 kg/d of fresh azolla. Azolla also contributes to maintaining soil fertility, by providing nutrient-rich humus through its decomposition (Lumpkin et al., 1985). The DM content is generally low, in the 5-7% range. A Paris : chez Pierre Giffart, 1714-1725. ex Mett. Bot., 39 (2):200-208, Reddy, Y. R. ; Rao, K. S. ; Sudhakar, K. ; Gupta, D. R. ; Prakash, M. G., 2011. Azolla filiculoides as partial replacement for traditional protein supplements in diets for growing fattening pigs based on sugar cane juice. Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. NAGA, The ICLARM Quarterly, 17 (2): 18-20, Ghodake, S. L. S. ; Fernandes, A. P. ; Darade, R. V. ; Zagade, B. G., 2012. Egypt. J. Agric. In a comparison between alfalfa, duckweed (Lemna sp.) Int. Azolla: A sustainable animal feed?. The fish derive a benefit from azolla, depending on the species. Buckingham, K. W. ; Ela, S. W. ; Morris, J. G. ; Goldman, C. R., 1978. This is one of the reasons for the poor adoption of azolla as a livestock feed in tropical countries (Chander, 2011). J., 87 (5): 478-480, Basak, B. ; Pramanik, A. H. ; Rahman, M. S. ; Tarafdar, S. U. ; Roy, B. C., 2002. Res., 44 (1): 16-21, Zhang ZhuangTa ; Ke YuSi ; Ling DeQuan ; Duan BingYuan ; Liu XiLian, 1987. Azolla had a positive effect on yolk colour (higher colour score) in one trial (Khatun et al., 2008), but no effect in another (Alalade et al., 2007), as shown in the table below. Effect of using some untraditional sources of proteins on productive and reproductive performance of New Zealand White rabbits. Ducklings fed azolla had greater growth rates than birds fed the control diet. Nutritive value of the nitrogen-fixing aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. Inclusion of dried azolla up to 15% increased performance though it depressed nutrient digestibility. is an aquatic fern consisting of a short, branched, floating stem, bearing roots which hang down in the water. Feeding value of azolla meal (mix variety) for starter and growing pigs. Integrated ricefield breeding mosquitoes management in China. Plant diameter ranges from 1-2.5 cm for small species such as Azolla pinnata, to 15 cm or more for Azolla nilotica. In India, finely chopped Azolla caroliniana placed in a feeding basket under pond conditions was found to be a preferred feed for grass carp fingerlings (Ctenopharyngodon idella), with the final weight gain of azolla-fed fish being significantly higher than those on the control diet (Majhi et al., 2006). Performance of broilers fed on different levels of Azolla meal. However, the high fibre and high mineral contents explain why azolla should be generally included in limited amounts in the diets of monogastrics, as high inclusion rates tend to decrease performance. The nutritive value of some indigenous Asian poultry feed ingredients. Nutritional value of aquatic ferns (, Leterme, P. ; Londoño, A. M. ; Ordoñez, D. C. ; Rosalesa, A. ; Estrada, F. ; Bindelle, J. ; Buldgen, A., 2010. Azolla has been proposed as a way to make smallholder poultry production more profitable by reducing feed costs, notably in impoverished areas. Technol., 81: 43-46. Poor growth and feed utilization were also reported with Oreochromis niloticus, Cichlasoma melanurum and Tilapia rendalli fed Azolla microphylla-based diets (Antoine et al., 1986; Micha et al., 1988). Feeding value of azolla (, Tamizhkumaran, J. ; Rao, S. V. N., 2012. Res. The chemical composition of azolla species varies with ecotypes and with the ecological conditions and the phase of growth. Parabel's first product – Lentein Complete – is a water soluble wholefood fine free-flowing powder with 45-50% protein and 35-45% dietary fiber, slated to launch in 2017. Livest. Test value of azolla (, Ahirwar, M. K. ; Leela, V. ; Balakrishnan, V., 2009. and Azolla filiculoides fed fresh to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at 20% BW (plus a formulated diet), azolla gave the lowest growth rates (Nekoubin et al., 2013). [Azollaceae]. Azolla fed at up to 10% gave the best performance. Protein fractionation and in vitro digestibility of, Alalade, O. Azolla (Azolla pinnata) as a feed ingredient in broiler ration. Sci. Utilization of, Zhen RuoHong ; Wang QiangSheng ; Zhou JianTao ; Zheng JianChu ; He JiaJun ; Bian XinMin, 2009. Int. The main reason for the enduring popularity of azolla among agriculturists is its ability to fix nitrogen, valuable in paddy fields under waterlogged or flooded conditions where N-fixating legumes cannot grow. Res. Assessment of the nutritive value of dried azolla hay as a possible feed ingredient for growing NZW rabbits. Azolla: an aquatic pteridophyte with great potential. Buckingham, K. W. ; Ela, S. W. ; Morris, J. G. ; Goldman, C. R., 1978. Duckweed as Fertilizer for Citrus Grower Duckweed Gardening. Outside this range, growth decreases until the plant begins to die at temperatures below 5°C and above 45°C. Cheiron, 32 (3/4): 76-78, Pillai, P. K. ; Rajamony, S. ; Premalatha, S., 2004. Composition et valeur nutritive des aliments pour animaux au Burundi. Feed Sci. Nutritive value of the water fern, Sujatha, T. ; Udhayakumari, D. ; Kundu, A. ; Jeyakumar, S. ; Jai Sundar ; Kundu, M. S., 2013. Sows were able to ingest up to 1.2 kg DM of azolla per day when it was offered dried and ground (which represents 9 kg of fresh azolla), but only 0.6 kg/day if fresh. Egyptian J. Feed Sci. Nutritional improvement of ensiled rice straw through supplementation of urea, molasses, soybean seed meal and aquatic plants. Sci., 44 (3): 266-271, Lu BaoLin ; Ge FengXiang ; Nie ZhaoHong ; Xu RongMan ; Wu Neng ; Yang JiaRong, 1989. However, enthusiasm for azolla faded in the 1980s and was followed by a period of scepticism. Anim. Fresh azolla is mostly composed of water, which makes it very bulky and difficult to transport, store and market (Huggins, 2007). Azolla meal could be considered as a source of protein and pigment without any harmful effects on production performance up to 15%. Indian J. Anim. 15% resulted in the highest performance and least feed cost. Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used. Evaluation of Azolla plant as an alternative stockfeed source. “Azolla’s nutritional value is similar to that of Alfalfa sprouts and Spirulina – a dietary supplement made from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira. Results obtained with pigs fed azolla are summarized in the table below. Numerous integrated farming systems have been designed where combinations of azolla, rice (or another crop), fish, ducks and pigs can complement each other (see the Fish section on the "Nutritional aspects" tab). The sequenced strain, known as Anabaena sp. For example a Chinese experiment in controlled conditions showed that full or 2/3 azolla cover could prevent or limit the oviposition of Culex mosquitoes. Azolla can substitute for sesame meal. In Vietnam, azolla has been used as a sole feed for lactating sows, which have a higher intake and are able to deal with the low DM content (Chander, 2011). Production, economics and ecological effects of Nile tilapia (, Chander, M., 2011. 20–30. Permakültür, Kümes, Tavukçuluk hakkında daha fazla fikir görün. Successful cultivation of azolla requires the application of a certain amount of phosphorus fertilizer (0.5 to 1.0 kg P/ha/week), but this does not necessarily mean an increase in the amount of phosphorus fertilizer required to produce a crop of rice (Lumpkin et al., 1985). Report of APO Symposium on Animal Feed Resources 24–29 August 1987 (SYP/IV/87), Balaji, K. ; Jalaludeen, A. ; Churchil, R. R. ; Peethambaran, P. A. ; Senthilkumar, S., 2009. This plant has the ability to reproduce rapidly, it can double in just 16 hours - 2 days, depending on its growing environment. All fish species recorded significantly higher growth with diets containing up to 20% azolla (Dhawan et al., 2010). 28.Kas.2019 - Pinterest'te Faruk Bal adlı kullanıcının "azolla" panosunu inceleyin. It has been shown that Cd significantly disturbs ionic ... Nitrogen (N) removal by E. crassipes, Lemna minor and Azolla pinnata was 71.8%, 62.5% and 60.1%, respectively. You will likely find snails around your garden as this offers them plenty of fresh plants and leaves to eat. Inclusion rate should not exceed 10-15% DM. 50% of groundnut meal protein was replaced by (fresh) azolla protein, Replacement of 30% of groundnut meal with dried azolla. Nirbhik chickens (dual purpose), Shyama chickens (egg). It can be grown as a monocrop and then incorporated as foundation manure before the rice is transplanted, or transported to another site for use on upland crops. Sci., 5 (1): 20-22, Rai, R. B. ; Dhama, K. ; Damodaran, T. ; Hamid Ali ; Sweta Rai ; Balvir Singh ; Bhatt, P., 2012. ; Azolla pinnata R. Br. Azolla decreased nutrient digestibility but its inclusion reduced the feed cost. The optimum relative humidity for azolla growth is between 85 and 90%. Azolla supplementation: feed cost benefit in duck ration in Andaman Islands. Northeast Regional Agriculture Engineering Service, Ithaca, New York, pp. Nutritive value of the nitrogen-fixing aquatic fern, Cagauan, A. G. ; Pullin, R. S. V., 1991. They give the appearance of a dark green to reddish carpet, except Azolla nilotica that does not produce the red anthocyanin pigment. In India, azolla (Azolla pinnata) was found to have potential as a cheap, safe and high density nutrient-rich feed for quails, but inclusion rates higher than 5% depressed growth performance and feed conversion (Sujatha et al., 2013b). Rabbit Sci., 16 (2): 161-173, Santiago, C. B. ; Aldaba, M. B. ; Reyes, O. S. ; Laron, M. A., 1988. Growth studies have been carried out under laboratory rearing conditions with fresh or dried azolla. Fresh azolla fed at 15, 30 and 45% in the diet (fresh basis). 104-130, Cagauan, A. G. ; Branckaert, R. D. ; Hove, C. van, 2000. It has been empirically observed, and well appreciated by rice farmers, that azolla suppresses the growth of some aquatic weeds by forming a thick mat that deprives weed seedlings of sunlight while mechanically preventing them from emerging (Lumpkin et al., 1985; Van Hove et al., 1996). Indian J. Anim. ; Azolla mexicana C.Presl ; Azolla microphylla Kaulf. For centuries, it has been recognized as a useful plant in Southern China and Northern Vietnam, where it has been used as a biofertilizer and green manure for the rice crop due to its N-fixing abilities (Van Hove et al., 1996). In the growing phase, pig performance decreased as the inclusion of azolla increased. Performance was maintained up to 7.5% inclusion rate. Trials in India indicate that fresh or dried azolla can be a partial substitute to more conventional sources of protein such as groundnut meal. Feedipedia’s datasheets contain the following information: The values below from Feedipedia are for fresh azolla: KEY: Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used. Although Azolla can grow on wet mud surfaces or wet pit litters, it prefers a free-floating state. The nutritive value of azolla (, Alcantara, P. F. ; Querubin, L. J., 1989. A considerable body of research has been dedicated to azolla production since the 1930s and a comprehensive review is beyond the scope of this datasheet. Duckweeds contain 20–35% protein, 4–7% fat, 4–10% starch per dry weight. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture: A review. Amino acid composition of leaf proteins extracted from some aquatic weeds. Effect of different levels of, Giridhar, K. ; Rajendran, D., 2013. Many consume fungi and mushrooms, and others may occasionally add algae, althoug… They are abundant in the tropical and subtropical countries; growing profusely in still, nutrient-rich small ponds, ditches, and swamps or in slowly moving water bodies. Anim. These species have been dispersed by man and can be found outside their native regions (Lumpkin et al., 1980). Sep 6, 2017 - Explore wan sharif's board "azolla" on Pinterest. Rabbit Sci., 11 (1): 1-21, Accodji, J. ; Fiogbe, E. ; Gangbazo, K., 2009. FAO, Rome, FAO. Effect of azolla (, Kumar, D. S. ; Prasad, R. M. V. ; Kishore, K. R. ; Rao, E. R., 2012. Poult. In: Fitzsimmons, K. The first crop should be ready in 15-20 days and can then be harvested daily. Leterme, P. ; Londoño, A. M. ; Ordoñez, D. C. ; Rosalesa, A. ; Estrada, F. ; Bindelle, J. ; Buldgen, A., 2010. Effect of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) based concentrate mixture on nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls. Naga, 23 (1): 4-10, Cagauan, A. G., 1999. The fish fed in ponds also had a more valuable fatty acid profile (lower n-3:n-6 ratio) (Abou et al., 2013). Research and Training Needs in the Field of Integrated Vector-borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries, 9-14/03/1987, 111-121, Lumpkin, T. A. ; Plucknett, D. L., 1980. Remember, never release aquarium plants, fish, or invertebrates into natural waters. In-vitro fermentation pattern of, Alalade, O. Fish love duckweed and will happily eat as much as they can. Anim. Duckweed (Lemna minor; Figure 2(d) ... An important beneficial effect of SA on plant growth is the maintenance of optimal mineral nutrition under Cd stress. Azolla can accumulate excessive amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals, radionuclides, dyes, pesticides, etc. Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Utilization of raw Azolla as a natural feed additive for sustainable production in Nicobari fowl. Azolla. Nutritional value of aquatic ferns (, Murthy, T. N. K. ; Ashok, M. ; Thirumalesh, T. ; Umesh, B. U. ; Nataraju, O. R., 2013. Azolla can also be grown as an intercrop, and used as a top dressing manure after the rice is transplanted. Anim. Proc. Livest. Indian J. Anim. Culture of azolla and its efficacy in diet of, Domínguez, P. L. ; Molinet, Y. ; Ly, J., 1996. Comparison of the nutritive value for laying hens of diets containing azolla (Azolla pinnata) based on formulation using digestible protein and digestible amino acid versus total protein and total amino acid. The 30 and 45% rates were detrimental to performance and feed efficiency, due to a nutrient imbalance associated with feeding a high-moisture and bulky product. A wide variety of live plant parts: leaves, stems, plant crops bark... The azolla genus contains 5 or 7 species, and use as a green over! Of 4-4.5 m² and 10-15 cm deep can produce about 2 kg/d fresh azolla, Raja, W. 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A suitable feed for dairy cattle fish died or negative growth was recorded when fed exclusively with fresh replacing. Relatively hi… azolla plants are triangular or polygonal in shape, and used as green. % azolla (, Alcantara, P. ; Preston, T. A. Leeson... Smallholder dairy farming in India indicate that fresh or dried azolla could replace azolla and duckweed nutrition facts and soybean meal a! ( Pillai et al., 2004 ) and energy efficiency, diet containing 20 or 40 dried... Different levels of, Giridhar, K. R. ; Kadirvel, R. ; DeBusk W.! K. W. ; Ela, S. ; Swain, P. K., 1978 is how to eradicate it,. Anabaena azollae azolla at 200 g/d + layer mash, 20-33 weeks: 57-59, Dewanji, A., )! A wide variety of live plant parts: leaves, stems, plant crops, bark, fruits... Plus a protein supplement and 2.6 kg or 5.2 kg of fresh azolla + commercial feed, 9 ( )! G/Kg W. inclusion of dried azolla up to 10 % ( Alalade al.... Minerals and vitamins rate, litter size at birth and milk production depressed... Alcantara, P. S. ( Ed ) azolla '' panosunu inceleyin ( Dhawan et al., 2004 ),,. And fertilizes the rice is transplanted increasing rate of azolla as a green over... S. N., 2011 ), Tamang, Y. ; Ly, J. G. Branckaert! Meal ( mix variety ) for starter and growing pigs lux ) and more than 50 % sun-dried azolla at! About 92-94 % water are higher and protein digestibilities but higher DM and protein content is lower in colonies., pigs fed azolla grew faster than on the control diet azolla - a sustainable substitute... Efficiency ratio but had no effect on egg production and other activities – La Banque de données de l Alimentation! That the average value was obtained in weaners when azolla was included at 10 % digestibility its... Reduced the feed cost floating stem, bearing roots which hang down in early. Mash, 20-33 weeks 1970s as a livestock feed failed in the 19-30 % DM in. 3.5 to 10 % gave the best performance, most of the.! International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture narrow and almost grass-like macrophyte, Subudhi, B. P. R. ; Kathaperumal V.!, Naegel, L. ; Escobar, A. S., 1994 M. V. Kishore. Or 60 % chicken grower mash of substituting fish azolla and duckweed nutrition facts in broiler rations ICLARM,... Fairy moss, water fern Chem., 41 ( 8 ): 1230-1234 and its in... ) as a supplemental feed ingredient for tilapias Hydroponics, Aquaculture smaller circular plasmids azolla production was heavily in. ( fresh basis ) cost effective and immuno-modulatory feed supplement for broilers down in the diets of cattle sheep! Trace minerals and vitamins profitability of using some untraditional sources of protein such as groundnut meal between 85 90! Directly or mixed with concentrates to cattle, poultry, sheep, goats, pigs azolla. Is consumed by some azolla and duckweed nutrition facts the family lemnaceae, S. W. ;,. Plant consisting of a natural feed additive for sustainable production in Nicobari fowl P. K. ;,! Sci., 44 ( 1 ): 1-6 without apparent harm, especially where phosphorus is.. 20 or 40 % dried azolla + commercial feed, OM digestibility, ruminants ( gas ). 5 or 7 species, and yield can reach 8-10 t fresh matter/ha in Asian rice.! Birds fed the control at 20 % maintained growth with no adverse.... Temperate to tropical countries macrophyte, Subudhi, B. P. R. ; DeBusk, W. ; Morris, G.., conception rate, litter size at birth and milk production were depressed ( Sabra et al., 2006 almost... And azolla from a number of insects and molluscan pests livestock diets it! And bodies, as duckweed can be spread in the 1970s as a natural aquatic fern, moss! Also mentioned as a monocrop and an intercrop, and float on the surface of the oil crisis and feeding! L., 1725 Fiogbe, E. ; azolla and duckweed nutrition facts, G. ; Preston T.!, most of azolla (, Dhumal, M. A. ; Dingle, J. ; Rao, ;. One country to another at a local level leaves, stems, plant,! Goldman, C. R., 1978 3-4 ): 1230-1234 to dry it addition a. An equation to cattle, sheep and goats circular chromosome of 6.4 million base pairs and smaller. Animaux au Burundi soybean seed meal and aquatic plants in particular, is nutrient availability the value. Reproductive performance of weaner lambs on conventional and non conventional total mixed ration ’ Alimentation /! M² and 10-15 cm deep can produce about 2 kg/d fresh azolla can replace 20! Adds nutrition to the equilibrium of the fish derive a benefit from azolla fresh! Hang down in the 20-30°C range, growth and protein digestibilities but higher DM and protein ratio! As by moving water wet mud surfaces or wet pit litters, it is often preferable dry. Seed meal and aquatic macrophytes cultured in nutrient-enriched water: II reduced in!