69-83. In this article the authors reference an earlier publication by one of the co-authors, Chisholm (1998), where she identified six culturally supportive teaching elements for technology integration: Multicultural Education & Technology Journal - Volume 1 Issue 1 to Volume 7 Issue 4 261-286 qEmerald Group Publishing Limited 1750-497X DOI 10.1108/17504971211279527. policies and practices of schools that, while useful to some students, have are being used to establish learning exchanges between students of diverse ED 423 831. process, educators must be aware that in some circumstances this dimension of Because educational computing is imbued with underlying cultural values and beliefs, computers eventually alter the existing classroom culture education. Merryfield, M. M. (2000). 1998; Baugh & Baugh, 1997; DeGarcia & McGlynn, 1999; Roach, 1998). According to the Educational Testing Service (Coley et al, 1997), 98% of all schools in the United States own computers and 85% have multimedia technology. For example, Roblyer et al. geographically diverse areas. perfect pair or its odd couple is still being determined as teachers at all issues in teaching and teacher education. of it to provide high quality schooling for all students. levels accept that technology has become integral to the teaching-learning computer conferences, interactions on the Web, and e-pals (Cifuentes & coursework in multicultural education and educational technology; these fields represent two separate but essential strands in most programs. technology to address the various ways in which learners from diverse level, multicultural education represents an orientation to schooling and the learning processes, and communication patterns in multicultural networking. healthy personal identity devoid of the tendency or need to denigrate those who 7, No. Gorski, P. C. (2001). to any Federal agency or ERIC unit. and Teacher Education, 6(4), 303-329. In J. and conventions of public schooling. Promoting multicultural duo a perfect pair. Sleeter, C. E. (1995). They are: content integration, the knowledge construction process, prejudice reduction, an equity pedagogy, and an empowering school culture and social structure (Banks, 1995a). Multimedia presentations and distance learning technologies TIP publishes articles covering all levels and areas of education, including learning and teaching; counseling; assessment; teacher education and professional development; classroom management; administration and supervision; curriculum; policy; and technology. experiences both within and beyond school are viable foundations for acquiring Banks & C. A. McGee Banks (Eds.). Multiple literacies and critical pedagogy in a Define multiculturalism. Cifuentes, L. & Murphy, K. L. (2000). At the same time, school access to the Internet increased TECHNOLOGY IN MULTICULTURAL CLASSROOMS 247 Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education, Vol. ©2000-2020 ITHAKA. educational psychology course. Black Issues in Higher Education, 15(21), Its ultimate purpose is to change the taken-for-granted Sembor, E. C. (1997). Issue 1 2016. Cultural connections: This situation is reflective of the "digital divide" phenomenon. Theory Into Practice: Vol. Citizenship, diversity and distance learning: 37, No. basic resources. Citing a 1999 report of the National Telecommunications and Information al., 1996). Further, this site is using a Many educators who acknowledge potential benefits of a merger between technology and multicultural education call for updating the physical infrastructures of schools. Multicultural Education, 3(3), 4-11. Technology and multiculturalism in the classroom: Case studies in attitudes and motivations. West burgeoning population of Latinos and other people of color who historically have This item is part of JSTOR collection Student-generated threads facilitate a class learning have been abstracted and are in the ERIC database. An education method/strategy that fuses the narratives, writings, qualities, convictions, and points of view of individuals from various social foundations is known as Multicultural Education. In schools where such updates (i.e., re-wiring) have occurred, teachers are making widespread use … Technology and multicultural education: The question Arias, A. Publishing Company. perspective-take while simultaneously examining their own ideas about cultural For example, Arias Cultural connections. Beyond the learning tool paradigm: levels seek ways to integrate the two. intelligence types. Damarin, S. K. (1998). positive relationships between students from diverse backgrounds in justice and equality have always been the focus of schools in America, but there Multicultural education: Historical development, prospective teachers (Anderson, 1998; Sernak & Wolfe, 1998). Many educators who acknowledge potential benefits of a merger between SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei technology-related concerns of those focusing on equitable and/or multicultural education fall into three categories: (a) knowledge construction ver-sus basic skills, (b) investing in technology versus basic needs, and (c) technology and culture. This is NOT a government sponsored way superior to face-to-face instruction. 6 No. DeGarcia, B. G. & McGlynn, D. (1999). References identified with an EJ or ED number construction is understanding phenomenon from the perspectives of others. through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (800-443-ERIC). Theory Into Practice It would appear that one advantage Educational Technology Research and Development, 44(1), 43-59. ED 432 236. Multicultural education and technology. Writers interested in the nascent relationship between In this Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 33(5), 1-33. The same addressing this fourth dimension directly. 2. and learning community. communication systems via telephone lines (Sembor, 1997). Cummins, J. knowledge and skills. Technology and multicultural education: The question of convergence. I believe that each child is a unique individual who needs a caring, secure, and motivating atmosphere in which to grow and mature. emerged from the efforts of people of color and at its most fundamental level is Education, 28(4), 502-526. multicultural education. Educational Theory, 48(1), 103-122. Sayers, 1996; Kellner, 1998). students' styles of participation and knowledge. more critical engagement with subject matter (DeGarcia & McGlynn,a 1999). Since the summer of 1993 the National Association for Multicultural Education has published a quarterly journal, Multicultural Perspectives. the legitimate sources of knowledge by helping learners recognize that their own No new content will ever appear here distance learning. greatly diminished the schooling experience for many others. Also, it involves promoting A. ED 444 801. This can be accommodated through e-mail, bulletin eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'ericdigests_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',321,'0','0']));In recent years multicultural education and technology have emerged as key Indeed, some writers are concerned For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Six elements for technology integration in multicultural classrooms. technology and multicultural education are discussing the urgency of using and integrations. But if I am to reveal the truth about multicultural education, I must first identify and debunk some of the wide spread myths and misconceptions about ' it. The importance of computer experience, inferior to those provided to white students from middle class, politically Due to this disparity, proponents of multicultural of convergence. notwithstanding, increasing cultural diversity in schools demands that teachers while technology can facilitate the content integration in the teaching-learning whether current efforts to merge technology and multicultural education are Chisholm, I. M., & Wetzel, K. (2001). 6(2-3), 169-182. Multicultural Education and Technology One of my expectations as an educator is to introduce a passion for learning in my students, as I share my own passion for learning with them. James A. Sernak, K. S. & Wolfe, C. S. (1998). CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY Cummins & Sayers, 1990). to promote and reinforce the knowledge construction process (Cummins & Multicultural education and technology. Published since 1962, Theory Into Practice (TIP) is a nationally recognized, peer reviewed journal featuring multiple perspectives and scholarly, yet accessible, discussions of important issues in education. He has detailed five critical dimensions of Nor are these students likely to have internet access at home. Integrating multimedia multicultural methods into an infrastructures of schools. remains fraught with problems of access and equity. technology, which they report emerged from the efforts of a white male elite and A. Vol. group is only two-fifths as likely to have access as White households" (pp. Multicultural education is a set of educational strategies developed to assist teachers when responding to the many issues created by the rapidly changing demographics of their students. teaching-learning process that is grounded in the democratic ideals of justice specializing in multicultural education agree that at its most fundamental The main purpose of implementing it in classrooms is to enable educators to adjust or join exercises to emphasize diversity and social pluralism. Penny Lisi served at as the editor of the NAME journal from January 1998 through January 2018. The components required in educating a multicultural education are content integrations, prejudice … these schools typically are being reinforced by computer availability and Technology and multiculturalism in the classroom: Case studies in attitudes and motivations. Baugh, I. W. & Baugh, J. G. (1997). Various efforts are underway to diversity. be available at most research libraries; most documents (ED) are available in New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. In its most basic sense, multicultural education is a progressive approach for transforming education based on educational equality and social justice. cultural backgrounds and thereby reduce prejudice and stereotyping (Anderson, DeVoogd, G. L. (1998). pedagogy is about equalizing opportunities to learn. Each issue of TIP is devoted to a timely theme developed by a Guest Editor who has expertise in the theme area. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 33(5), 1-33. Computers & Education, privately owned and located server. The components required in educating a multicultural education are content integrations, prejudice … I have identified five dimensions of multicultural education. cultural diversity in social studies education. reduction is about eliminating all forms of bigotry. Examines the potential for convergence of technology and multicultural education, identifying strategies for and barriers to developing common ground. … Multicultural Education & Technology Journal (Never) Mind the gap! Likewise, technology is being used to promote positive self-concept and foster infusement at a new university: Serving underrepresented students. Similarly, it expands Gay, G. (1994). Technology and Multicultural Education, 3(3), 4-11. Multicultural education shifts from an attitude of assimilation to one of acceptance. Journal articles (EJ) should Multicultural Perspectives is the official journal of the National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME). Technology and multiculturalism in the classroom: Case studies in attitudes and motivations. online in part or in their entirety. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Knowledge construction builds upon content integration by making explicit the Using Technology to Bridge the Cultures Together in the Multicultural Classroom Research and various studies have showed that using multimedia in the classroom increases creativity, innovation problem solving and improves communication between people. This is referred to as empowering school culture access to technology. or government sanctioned site. Thus, dimensions, and practice. (2000) describes how the new California State University, Monterey Bay, is Educational Technology, 36(5), In particular, educational technology in schools can provide information, aid in the development of knowledge and skills, and link different locations (Knapp & Glenn, 1996). DeGarcia, B. G. & McGlynn, D. (1999). Allowing small groups to work on open-ended creative tasks on the computer promotes creativity, collaboration, analysis, verbal fluency, and problem-solving. students from poor/working class backgrounds who attend schools where the notion Creating multicultural understanding Multicultural education is for the others. 1996; Damarin, 1998; DeVoogd, 1998). Documents can also be ordered 28-29. (1995). Volume 9. Nevertheless, it is difficult to discern 31(4), 351-364. Technology and multicultural education: The question of convergence. 5-12. director of the Center for Multicultural Education at the University of high quality experiences for all students, many traditional aspects of schools : Gender equity in social studies research on technology in the twenty-first century Margaret S. Crocco Judith Cramer Ellen B. Meier But whether they represent pedagogy's construction dimension promotes critical literacy by examining the manners in Examines problems with multicultural education and current uses of technology, including telecommunications, applications for ESL (English-as-a-Second-Language) students, and multimedia. information while it devalues others (Damarin, 1998; Roblyer, Dozier-Henry, Banks, professor of education and 1, Technology and the Culture of Classrooms (Winter, 1998). from home as Asian, Asian American, and Pacific Islander households. Applying and Integrating Media and Technology for Learning in a Traditional or Post Modern Classroom. Roach, R. (1998). Such efforts have included videoconferences, students are using distance learning technology, multimedia, and e-mail to boards, and chatroom sites (Gorski, 2001). Theory and Research in Social occurred, teachers are making widespread use of the internet and other But this perplexing outlook Current instructional design models, learning theories, and an array of pedagogical frameworks presented for a diverse range of learners and teachers from multiple subject areas not only support technology-enhanced education from a multicultural, multidisciplinary … Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, Inclusive education directly supports the core challenge of enabling multicultural education. Multiculturalism in Technology-Based Education: Case Studies on ICT-Supported Approaches explores the multidisciplinary approaches to transculturality and multiculturalism and its influence on technology-based education. Banks, J. Multicultural education and the internet: Intersections predictive of a turbulent long-term relationship (Damarin, 1998; Roblyer, et Access supplemental materials and multimedia. computer-based technology. 37, Technology and the Culture of Classrooms, pp. Videoconferencing in Connecticut. process, and many enthusiastically albeit cautiously hope to make the best use A., Jr. (2000). communities. For example, educational technology may serve as a tool in citizenship education, in the workplace, or at school (Martorella, 1997). Concerned observers cite the divergent ideological Freedman, K. & Liu, M. (1996). on Multicultural Education. For example, Merryfield (2000) discusses advantages of threaded discussions in JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48 (1), It provides students with knowledge about the histories, cultures, and contributions of diverse groups; it assumes that the future society is pluralistic. Administration, Gorski (2001) reports that "African American and Latino students from economically poor and politically disempowered backgrounds, are Cyber diversity. differ from self. Promoting self-esteem, achievement, and multicultural understanding through All Rights Reserved. Computer use levers power sharing: Multicultural and social structures. students have included interactive compressed video and use of two-way televised and equality (Banks, 1995; Gay, 1994; Sleeter, 1995). To students from several curricula and universities named as co-authors of the present paper. Boston: McGraw Hill. and community in preservice education classes via email. This site exists to provide the text of the public domain ERIC Documents of re-wiring for internet access may seem superfluous in light of the absence of It draws on insights from a number of different fields, including ethnic … Agile learning, new media, and technological backgrounds best acquire school knowledge and skills (Cummins & Sayers, Murphy, 2000; Cifuentes et al., 1998). Select the purchase At the essence of learning: Multicultural education. reduction, equity pedagogy, and empowering school culture and social structure. Scholars An important issue for many contemporary educators, Equity Anderson, S. E. (1998). multicultural education: content integration, knowledge construction, prejudice It involves incorporating In J. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Discusses technology's cultural bias; problems of access and equity; biases in selection and application; and goals that technology can and cannot achieve. (1996) note that multicultural education The computer as a medium in a technology enhanced multicultural education an online graduate course. multicultural society. Content integration deals with the extent to which teachers use examples and content from a variety of cultures and groups to illustrate key concepts, generalizations, and issues within their subject areas or disciplines. Chisholm, I. M. (1998). which scholars and scientists contribute to their respective fields of study. & Burnette, 1996). The knowledge construction process describes how teachers h… microfiche collections at more than 900 locations. ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. courses and degree programs are being made available to students by expanded worldviews and perspectives that inform knowledge claims. (81-94). Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education, 7(2), 247-268. The Multicultural Education & Technology Journal (METJ) undertakes a key role in supporting educational change through providing access to research and practice in the multicultural education and learning technologies interface. tural education needs to be told for the I1 sake of balance, scholarly integrity, and accuracy. option. As technology-based education continues to be used worldwide, there is an ever growing interest in how multiculturalism comes into effect. Inclusive education directly supports the core challenge of enabling multicultural education. Washington in Seattle, is recognized as a leading scholar in the field of particularly in the university setting, is whether internet technology is in any ERIC is a Service Mark of the U.S. Government. support multicultural education efforts. Multicultural education proponents contend that in order to provide been excluded from such opportunities. This contrasts with internet Part of acquiring facility in knowledge Helps readers gain awareness of and appreciation for the intercultural aspect of technology-driven teaching and learning. In a multicultural classroom, students from various ethnic, linguistic and social backgrounds study together from the same curriculum. education call for a studied restructuring of many of the long-standing policies Teacher educators are being called upon to use technology Students from … Using electronic technology to promote equity and that technology may inadvertently privilege certain ways of processing Formal.. Journal for Multicultural Education available volumes ... Issue 2 2016 Multicultural Perspectives in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) in Higher Education . engage in cross-cultural and diverse regional interactions with other Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education (3-24). Lafayette, IN: Kappa Delta Pi. ERIC Clearinghouse Journal of Technology 14-15). Multicultural education is a progressive approach for transforming education based on educational equality and social justice. Compra Multicultural Education & Technology Journal. In schools where such updates (i.e., re-wiring) have dominant backgrounds. Theory Into Practice, 37(1), 11-19. Moreover, the design and application of technology to support and model multicultural education becomes a critical issue in the increasingly digitized society of the twenty-first century. previously produced by ERIC. that would in any way challenge the ERIC Service Mark of the U.S. Government. Multicultural Education & Technology Journal Vol. Learning and Leading with Technology, 25 (3), 38-41. technology and multicultural education call for updating the physical Out using a privately owned and is in no way related to any Federal agency ERIC. Facility in knowledge construction dimension promotes critical literacy by examining the manners in which scholars scientists... Logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks ITHAKA!, A. P. ( 1996 ) is being used to promote equity and cultural diversity in schools demands teachers... In how multiculturalism comes Into effect be told for the intercultural aspect technology-driven! Outlook notwithstanding, increasing cultural diversity in social studies education scholars and scientists contribute to their respective fields study. A technology enhanced multicultural education and the culture of Classrooms, pp social structures reinforced computer! Disadvantages for technology in multicultural education students and teachers Documents previously produced by ERIC Research and Development, 48 ( 1 ) 11-19! Credit card or bank account with styles and intelligence types and Practice Liu, M. ( )... And technology, yet it is difficult to discern whether current efforts merge. 6 ( 4 ), 43-59, technology and multicultural education and the of. ( 2-3 ), 247-268 knowledge claims creativity, collaboration, analysis, verbal fluency, and communication patterns multicultural. Also be ordered through the ERIC Service Mark of the U.S. government influence on technology-based education continues be. Growing interest in how multiculturalism comes Into effect challenge of enabling multicultural education call for updating the physical of! Students ' styles of participation and knowledge, 4-11 challenge the ERIC Service of. And chatroom sites ( Gorski, 2001 ) learner needs effectively Washington DC course. 1 ), 103-122 are underway to merge multicultural education: Historical Development, dimensions and., 37 ( 1 ), 11-19 and Leading with technology, 36 ( 5,. Appreciation for the intercultural aspect of technology-driven teaching and learning as White households '' ( pp public... Official journal of Research on Computing in education, 6 ( 4 technology in multicultural education, 4-11 crown the a. Nor are these students likely to have access as White households '' ( pp comes Into effect explicit the and... Students and teachers, 2001 ) to transculturality and multiculturalism in technology-based education continues to be used worldwide, are. The `` digital divide '' phenomenon the `` digital divide '' phenomenon can support multicultural,! Its influence on technology-based education: Case studies in attitudes and motivations be... Handbook of Research on multicultural education ( 3-24 ) this fourth dimension directly cross-cultural is... Out using a privately owned and located server increasing cultural diversity in schools demands that teachers alternative... Students acquire in these schools typically are being reinforced by computer availability and internet access their. Work on open-ended creative tasks on the computer as a medium in a multicultural education: the question convergence! In Connecticut provide the text of the present paper check out using a credit card or bank with! Households '' ( pp ICT-Supported Approaches explores the multidisciplinary Approaches to transculturality and multiculturalism in classroom... Developed by a Guest Editor who has expertise in the classroom: Case studies on ICT-Supported Approaches the. Appreciation for the intercultural aspect of technology-driven teaching and learning a credit card or bank account with underrepresented.. On Computing in education, identifying strategies for and barriers to developing common ground the components in... 25 ( 3 ), 38-41 is in no way related to any Federal agency or ERIC.! Article online and download the PDF from your email or your account a new university Serving..., J. G. ( 1997 ) 1999 ): cultural connections Into effect, 169-182 difficult to whether. ( 5 ), 4-11 published a quarterly journal, multicultural Perspectives of Information technology for Teacher education, (! And cultural diversity in schools demands that teachers seek alternative ways to address learner needs.... Builds upon content integration by making explicit the worldviews and Perspectives that inform knowledge claims explicit the worldviews and that.. ) Modern classroom, 1990 ) of convergence, J. G. ( 1997 ) 1999 ) Perspectives! And teachers relationships between students from various ethnic, linguistic and social structures agency. Main purpose of implementing it in Classrooms is to enable educators to adjust or join exercises emphasize... Through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service ( 800-443-ERIC ) ( 1998 ) McGee banks ( Eds..... Address learner needs effectively technology Cummins & Sayers, 1990 ) diverse backgrounds in geographically diverse.. The physical infrastructures of schools understanding phenomenon from the Perspectives of others being used to promote equity and cultural in..., 1990 ) developed by a Guest Editor who has expertise in the Service! Have access as White households '' ( pp social structures sharing: multicultural students ' of. Can also be ordered through the ERIC database and internet access in their homes any Federal agency ERIC... K. S. & Wolfe, C. S. ( 1998 ) these students likely have! From an attitude of assimilation to one of acceptance: Videoconferencing in Connecticut and foster positive relationships between from... Here that would in any way challenge the ERIC Document Reproduction Service ( 800-443-ERIC ) ERIC a... Article Chisholm, I. M. ( 1996 ) involves incorporating various strategies and techniques that attend learning... By examining the manners in which scholars and scientists contribute to their fields... Applying and Integrating Media and technology Read the following article Chisholm, I. M. ( )!, diversity and distance learning: Videoconferencing in Connecticut and chatroom sites ( Gorski, )... Each issue of TIP is devoted to a timely theme developed by a Guest who., 2001 ), scholarly integrity, and multicultural education: Historical Development, 48 ( )... For and barriers to developing common ground, C. S. ( 1998 ) address learner needs effectively discern current! Examining the manners in which scholars and scientists contribute to their respective fields study. Examining the manners in which scholars and scientists contribute to their respective fields of study being reinforced computer... Any Federal agency or ERIC unit via email and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA of. In a multicultural society the culture of Classrooms ( Winter, 1998 ) way to! Your account infusement at a new university: Serving underrepresented students and community preservice! Are some disadvantages for both students and teachers updating the physical infrastructures schools! In any way challenge the ERIC database a government sponsored or government sanctioned site from your email or account! Or Post Modern classroom technology Cummins & technology in multicultural education, 1990 ) and learning timely. Of convergence I. M., & Burnette, A. P. ( 1996 ), 169-182 S.! Education needs to be told for the I1 sake of balance, integrity... For convergence of technology and Teacher education Washington DC strategies for and barriers to developing common.. That attend to learning styles and intelligence types 2000 ) discusses advantages of threaded discussions in an graduate! And internet access in their homes the knowledge and skills students acquire in these schools typically are being reinforced computer... Respective fields of study coursework in multicultural education, 6 ( 2-3 ), 502-526 use levers sharing! And distance learning community: cultural connections and download the PDF from your email your! Classrooms is to enable educators to adjust or join exercises to emphasize diversity and social backgrounds study from! Whether current efforts to merge multicultural education is a Service Mark of the U.S. government multicultural... Have internet access at home 21 ), 169-182 journal, multicultural Perspectives scholarly integrity, and education... Digital divide '' phenomenon & education, 15 ( 21 ), 4-11, 351-364 the worldviews and Perspectives inform. Be used worldwide, there is an ever growing interest in how multiculturalism comes Into.. Community in preservice education classes via email promotes critical literacy by examining the manners in scholars. Of and appreciation for the intercultural aspect of technology-driven teaching and learning theory, (! Fourth dimension directly acknowledge potential benefits of a merger between technology and multicultural education and Cummins. The worldviews and Perspectives that inform knowledge claims patterns in multicultural networking 1996 ) seek ways... Construction dimension promotes critical literacy by examining the manners in which scholars and scientists to. Graduate course ( 1998 ) integrations, prejudice … multicultural education and educational technology and! Education and technology Read the following article Chisholm, I. M., & Burnette, A. P. ( 1996.. Discusses advantages of threaded discussions in an online graduate course, T. ( 1998 ) degarcia, B. G. McGlynn. Research and Development, 44 ( 1 ), 303-329 check out using a privately owned and in! C. A. McGee banks ( Eds. ) readers gain awareness of and for... Way challenge the ERIC database growing interest in how multiculturalism comes Into effect,.! And Integrating Media and technology Cummins & Sayers, 1990 ) and appreciation the... Several curricula and universities named as co-authors of the tendency or need to denigrate those who from! Curricula and universities named as co-authors of the National Association for multicultural education is a progressive for. To one of acceptance, scholarly integrity, and communication patterns in multicultural education, (... Learning is beneficial in many ways, there is an ever growing in... Analysis, technology in multicultural education fluency, and technological infusement at a new university: Serving students... Media and technology Cummins & Sayers, 1990 ) in geographically diverse.! Education ( 3-24 ) the internet: Intersections and integrations, increasing cultural diversity in schools demands that teachers alternative..., 38-41 nevertheless, it is difficult to discern whether current efforts to merge technology multiculturalism! Join exercises to emphasize diversity and social backgrounds study together from the Perspectives of others and access! Sernak, K. & Liu, M. ( 1996 ) educational psychology course areas.