But Ahmad Shah Abdali had first‐hand experience of the weakness of the fallen Mogul when earlier he had accompanied his Master Nadir Shah to Delhi in 1739. In 1732 he forced Tahmasp to abdicate in favour of the Shah's baby son, Abbas III, to whom Nader became regent.[33]. In addition, some 10,000 women and children were taken slaves, according to a representative of the Dutch East India Company in Delhi. Oman and the Uzbek khanates of Bukhara and Khiva regained independence, while the Ottoman Empire regained the lost territories in Western Armenia and Mesopotamia. Nader and his Afsharid troops left Delhi in the beginning of May 1739, but before they left, he ceded back all territories to the east of the Indus, which he had overrun, to Muhammad Shah. Many years later, when he was returning in triumph from his conquest of Delhi, he led the army to his birthplace and made a speech to his generals about his early life of deprivation. He decided to take full revenge on the Sikhs for all his misfortunes. Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on March 8, 1736, a date his astrologers had chosen as being especially propitious,[40] in attendance of an "exceptionally large assembly" composed of the military, religious and nobility of the nation, as well as the Ottoman ambassador Ali Pasha. Nader also secured one of the Mughal emperor's daughters, Jahan Afruz Banu Begum, as a bride for his youngest son. The chief men of the city tried to give in peacefully, but Sharza Khan decided to give resistance. He then, to the accompaniment of the rolling of drums and the blaring of trumpets, unsheathed his great battle sword in a grand flourish to the great and loud acclaim and wild cheers of the Afsharid troops present. Nader Shah Afshar (Persian: نادر شاه افشار‎; also known as Nader Qoli Beyg نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khan تهماسپ قلی خان) (August 1688[5] – 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in Iranian history, ruling as Shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion. They built a bridge over the Indus river by Attock and crossed the Chenab near Wazirabad on January 8, 1739. On December 12th, they resumed marching. The regions to the west of that, mainly Iranian territories in Georgia, Iranian Azerbaijan, and Armenia, were taken by the Ottomans. The news of the Iranian army's swift and decisive successes against the northern vassal states of the Mughal empire caused much consternation in Delhi, prompting the Mughal ruler, Muhammad Shah, to raise an army of some 300,000 men and march to confront Nader Shah. While Nader was absent in the east, Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a foolhardy campaign to recapture Yerevan. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim. Almost immediately, the fully armed Afsharid army of occupation turned their swords and guns on to the unarmed and defenceless civilians in the city. Muhammad Shah handed over the keys to the royal treasury, and lost the Peacock Throne, to Nader Shah, which thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. Nader decided he needed to regain the initiative as soon as possible to save his position because revolts were already breaking out in Iran. Yes, Nadir Shah returned back to Iran after looting and plundering the city of Delhi. Nader suggested to his closest intimates, after a great hunting party on the Moghan plains (presently split between Azerbaijan and Iran), that he should be proclaimed the new king (shah) in place of the young Abbas III. After the Iranians had forced the Uzbek khanate of Bukhara to submit, Nader wanted Reza to marry the khan's elder daughter because she was a descendant of his hero Genghis Khan, but Reza flatly refused and Nader married the girl himself.[55]. In the subsequent peace negotiations, the Ottomans refused to acknowledge Ja'farism as a fifth mazhab but they did allow Iranian pilgrims to go on the hajj. Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia (1736–47) and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia, invaded Northern India, eventually attacking Delhi in March 1739. Mohammad hakim bi was ruler of the khanate of bukhara at that time, "A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East", "History of Iran: Afsharid Dynasty (Nader Shah)", "SIR WILLIAM JONES (174... - Online Information article about SIR WILLIAM JONES (174...", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&oldid=996433554, 17th-century people of the Safavid Empire, 18th-century people of the Safavid Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles containing Persian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 16:07. When his orders had been carried out, however, Nader instantly regretted it, crying out to his courtiers, "What is a father? He faced Topal again with a larger force and defeated and killed him. While this was going on, Nader left Kabul due to lack of supplies and started for Gandamak on August 25. His thoughts now turned to the Mughal Empire of India. Nader arrived on the 11th and surveyed the city's defenses from atop the Black Rock. Finished translations were presented to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June, 1741, who, however, was not impressed. Amit Shah said if farmer organisations felt that any provision of the three new farm laws was against their interests, the Modi government was ready to discuss and consider it with an open mind. On the Battle of Karnal on 24 February 1739, Nader led his army to victory over the Mughals. Reza had behaved highhandedly and somewhat cruelly but he had kept the peace in Iran. Its ruler Muhammad Shah was powerless to reverse this disintegration. He denounced the treaty, seeking popular support for a war against the Ottomans. The city was besieged for a week until on June 19, the tower of Aqa-bin collapsed, and the citadel capitulated. [58][59] In addition, he increased the number of soldiers under his command and reduced the number of soldiers under tribal and provincial control. [2], Nader Shah became the Persian ruler in 1730. There is a story that says, having demanded the daughter of his defeated enemy Muhammad Shah, the Emperor of Delhi, to marry his son Nasrullah, he received the answer that a royal lineage up to the 7th generation was required for marriage with a princess from the House of Timur. Erekle II and Teimuraz II, who, in 1744, had been made the kings of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by Nader himself for their loyal service,[62] capitalized on the eruption of instability, and declared de facto independence. When a rumour spread that Nader had been assassinated by a female guard at the Red Fort, some Indians attacked and killed 3,000 Afsharid troops during the riots that broke out on the night of 21 March. Member of the French Academy of Sciences, Pierre Bayen wrote about Nader Shah the following: “He was the horror of the Ottoman Empire, the conqueror of India, the ruler of Persia and all of Asia. On the morning of 22 March, the Shah rode out in full armour and took a seat at the Sunehri Masjid of Roshan-ud-dowla near the Kotwali Chabutra in the middle of Chandni Chowk. French orientalist Louis Bazin describes the personality of Nader Shah as follows: “Despite his obscure background, he looked born for the throne. Mughal Empire narrowed merely as the Kingdom of Delhi. His head was cut off although he still kept on fighting. Nadir Shah massacred 20,000 to 30,000 people in Delhi. Amongst a treasure trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the Koh-i-Noor and Darya-i-Noor ("Mountain of Light" and "Sea of Light," respectively) diamonds; they are now part of the British and Iranian Crown Jewels, respectively. Adil Shah was probably involved in the assassination plot. Until the advent of the Zands and Qajars, its rulers had various forms of autonomy, but stayed vassals and subjects to the Iranian king. In his last years, Nader became increasingly paranoid, ordering the assassination of large numbers of suspected enemies. In 1743, he conquered Oman and its main capital Muscat. It ended in 1746 with the signing of a peace treaty, the Treaty of Kerden, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader occupy Najaf. After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed himself Adil Shah ("righteous king"). He believed that Safavid Shi'ism had intensified the conflict with the Sunni Ottoman Empire. Ahmad Shah was one of the famous Afghan generals of the Persian Afsarid Emperor Nadir Shah. Even though the Emperor agreed, he practically took no action. Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons, Page 457, L. Lockhart, «Nadir Shah : A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources», W. Dalrymple, A. Anand, «Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World’s Most Infamous Diamond», p. 48, R. B. Kaul, «Ballad on Nadir Shah's Invasion in India», p. 3-4, W. Dalrymple, A. Anand, «Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World’s Most Infamous Diamond», E. Tucker, «Nadir Shah’s Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran», p. 6, R. B. Kaul, «Ballad on Nadir Shah's Invasion in India», p. 16, Rudi Matthee, «Nādir Shāh in Iranian Historiography: Warlord or National Hero?», Restoration of Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne, Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism, The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant, Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East: A Country-by-Country Guide, "An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722-1922)", Svat Soucek, a history of inner asia page 195: in 1740 Nader Shah, the new ruler of Iran, crossed the Amu Darya and, accepting the submission of Muhammad Hakim Bi which was then formalized by the acquiescence of Abulfayz Khan himself, proceeded to attack Khiva. Lockhart, L., "Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly upon Contemporary Sources", London: Luzac & Co., 1938, 21 : Stephen Erdely and Valentin A. Riasanovski. [37] The small group of close intimates, Nader's friends, included Tahmasp Khan Jalayer and Hasan-Ali Beg Bestami. Nader Shah transformed the Shahsevan, a nomadic group living around Azerbaijan whose name literally means "shah lover", into a tribal confederacy which defended Iran against the neighbouring Ottomans and Russians. Muslims, like Hindus, resorted to killing their women, children and themselves rather than submit to the Afsharid soldiers. [6] Meanwhile, the other detachment had defeated the Afghans, pardoning all who surrendered, and exacting cruel punishment on those who resisted. Nader was not impressed with his son's waywardness and reprimanded him, but he took him on his expedition to conquer territory in Transoxiana. The Moghan plain was specifically chosen for its size and "abundance of fodder". p. 19 FK Publications. [24], Nader grew up during the final years of the Safavid dynasty which had ruled Iran since 1502. [8] Nader, furious at the killings, retaliated by ordering his soldiers to carry out the notorious qatl-e-aam (qatl = killing, aam = common public, in open) of Delhi. Afterwards he became increasingly despotic as his health declined markedly. [18], Nader became increasingly cruel as a result of his illness and his desire to extort more and more tax money to pay for his military campaigns. Ahmed Shah Durrani became king of Afghanistan after the death of Nadir Shah. After what that man described miracles and pleasures of the heaven, the shah asked: “Are there such things as war and victory over the enemy in paradise?” When the man answered negatively, Nader replied: “How can there be any pleasure then?”.[70]. Then he obtained a promise of a tribute of 2 million Rupees annually from Lahore, and confirmed the appointment of Zakaria Khan at Lahore and of his son Shah Nawaz Khan at Multan (where Abdus Samad Khan had just died). He had no source of income other than the sticks he gathered for firewood, which he transported to the market. He fought against tyranny and persecution. On hearing the news, Reza's wife, who was Tahmasp's sister, committed suicide. [57], Nader changed the Iranian coinage system. Having heard rumours that his father had died, he had made preparations for assuming the crown. [18], Nader's focus on common Turkmen descent was designed to establish a broad political framework that could tie him, more closely than his Safavid predecessors, to both Ottomans and Mughals. [48] Following the prior defeat of Mughal forces, he then advanced deeper into India, crossing the river Indus before the end of year. "Here and there some opposition was offered, but in most places people were butchered unresistingly. It was after this invasion when the misls were formed, which were components of the Dal Khalsa. Sikh attacks. Nader had the greatest contempt for the weak, depraved Mahmud Shah, who, according to the local chronicler of that era, “was always with his mistress in his arms and a glass in his hand,” and was the lowest libertine and simply a puppet ruler. Nader's early experiences did not, however, make him particularly compassionate toward the poor. Nevertheless, the repulsive greed and unprecedented cruelties that wore his subjects, ultimately led to his fall, and the extremes and horrors that were caused by him, made Persia cry. [1][12]The governor of Sindh didn't comply with Nader Shah's demands. The newly gained Russian and Turkish possessions were confirmed and further divided amongst themselves in the Treaty of Constantinople (1724). He began to suspect his son was behind the assassination of large numbers of suspected enemies of income than. But the Mughal army at the Mukhur spring and halted at Qarabagh, South of Ghazni,,... 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